Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
cjpl

Articles

CJPLS: VOL. 13, NO. 2, DECEMBER 2025

Antidiabetic Potential of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Fresh Guava Leaf

Submitted
March 20, 2025
Published
2025-07-24

Abstract

Current diabetes medications have been associated with varying degrees of adverse effects and prolonged toxicity, further complicating morbidity and mortality. This necessitates the search for less toxic alternatives, such as nanoparticles. Hence, this research aimed to assess the hypoglycemic capabilities of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with fresh guava leaves. Twenty-five (25) albino Wistar rats weighing 120-230 g were obtained and allowed to acclimatize for 7 days in a well-ventilated room with a standard temperature of 29 ºC, relative humidity of 70%, and a 12:12-hour photoperiod. The experimental rats were fed food and water as appropriate and were divided into five (5) groups. Group I: (NC) non-diabetic rats, given water (reconstitution solvent); Group II: (DC) non-treated diabetic rats, given distil water; Group III: (MET) Standard control: diabetic rats administered 200 mg/kg BW Metformin; Group IV: treated animals given AgNPs and guava leaves, regular feed, and water, and Group V: treated with guava extract and induced intraperitoneally with STZ at 60 mg/kg for 48hrs to induce diabetes before treatment. The dose regimens were administered once per day for twenty-one (21) days. The results obtained revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in mean plasma glucose relative to diabetic control groups and a substantial increase (p<0.05) in mean serum insulin when compared to diabetic control groups. Mean plasma glucose in albino Wistar rats in Table 1 displayed a significant decrease in glucose levels of rats administered AgNPs from day 1 to 14 at p<0.05. Additionally, serum insulin was significantly elevated in the AgNPs group when compared to the Metformin group at p<0.05, and this was also seen in the experimental group administered guava leaf extracts. Essentially, silver nanoparticles and guava extract showed antidiabetic activity by reducing glucose levels and synergistically enhancing the production of beta cells for glucose uptake to peripheral tissues.

References

  1. G. Parameswaran, and D. W. Ray, “Sleep, circadian rhythms, and type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2022.
  2. R. A. DeFronzo, E. Ferrannini, L. Groop, R. R. Henry, W. H. Herman, J. J. Holst, F. B. Hu, C. R. Kahn, I. Raz, G. I. Shulman and D. C. Simonson, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Nat Rev Dis Primers. vol. 1, pp. 15019, 2015.
  3. P. Saeedi, I. Petersohn, P. Salpea, B. Malanda, S. Karuranga, N. Unwin, S. Colagiuri, L. Guariguata, A. A. Motala, K. Ogurtsova, and J. E. Shaw, “Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition,” Diabetes Res Clin Pract. vol. 157, pp. 107843, 2019.
  4. H. Sun, P. Saeedi, S. Karuranga, M. Pinkepank, K. Ogurtsova, B. Duncan, C. Stein, A. Basit, J. Chan, J. Mbanya, M. Pavkov, “IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 183, pp. 109119, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
  5. O. O. Oguntibeju, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links,” Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 45–63, 2019.
  6. A. Haleem, M. Javaid, R. P. Singh, S. Rab, and R. Suman, “Applications of nanotechnology in the medical field: a brief review,” Global Health Journal. vol. 7 (2), pp. 70–77, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008.
  7. C. L. Keat, A. Aziz, A. M. Eid, and N. A. Elmarzugi, “Biosynthesis of nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles,” Bioresour Bioprocess. vol. 2, pp. 4, 2015.
  8. I. Khan, K. Saeed, and I. Khan, “Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities,” Arab J Chem. vol. 12, pp. 908–931, 2019.
  9. Y. Liu, S. Zeng, Y. Liu, W. Wu, Y. Shen, L. Zhang, et al., “Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of selenium nanoparticles in the presence of polysaccharides from Catathelasma ventricosum,” Int J Biol Macromol. vol. 114, pp. 632–639, 2018.
  10. B. Javed, Z. U. Mashwani, A. Sarwer, N. I. Raja, and A. Nadhman, “Synergistic response of physicochemical reaction parameters on biogenesis of silver nanoparticles and their action against colon cancer and leishmanial cells,” Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1340–1353, 2020.
  11. V. Malapermal, I. Botha, S. B. N. Krishna, and J. N. Mbatha, “Enhancing antidiabetic and antimicrobial performance of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum (L.) using silver nanoparticles,” Saudi J Biol Sci. vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1294–1305, 2017.
  12. S. Ahmed, M. Ahmad, B. L. Swami, and S. Ikram, “A review on plant extract-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise,” J Adv Res. vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2016.
  13. U. Anand, N. Jacobo-Herrera, A. Altemimi, and N. Lakhssassi, “A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: Potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery,” Metabolites. vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 258, 2019.
  14. M. Kumar, M. Tomar, R. Amarowicz, V. Saurabh, M. S. Nair, C. Maheshwari, et al., “Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting bioactivities,” Foods. vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 752, 2021.
  15. M. I. Mouri, and M. Badireddy, “Hyperglycemia,” [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/
  16. H. Sharma, and H. M. Chandola, “Prameha in Ayurveda: Correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1—etiology, classification, and pathogenesis,” J Altern Complement Med. vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 491–496, 2011.
  17. T. Eidenberger, M. Selg, and K. Krennhuber, “Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase activity by flavonol glycosides of guava (Psidium guajava L.): A key to the beneficial effects of guava in type II diabetes mellitus,” Fitoterapia. vol. 89, 2013.
  18. A. Rudich, D. Konrad, D. Török, R. Ben-Romano, C. Huang, W. Niu, R. R. Garg, N. Wijesekara, R. J. Germinario, P. J. Bilan, and A. Klip, A, “Indinavir uncovers different contributions of GLUT4 and GLUT1 towards glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells and tissues,” Diabetologia. vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 649–658, 2003. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1080-1
  19. A. Caturano, M. D'Angelo, A. Mormone, V. Russo, M. P. Mollica, T. Salvatore, R. Galiero, L. Rinaldi, E. Vetrano, R. Marfella and M. Monda, “Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: Impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications,” Curr Issues Mol Biol. vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 6651–6666, 2023. doi:10.3390/cimb45080420.
  20. A. E. Kashtiban, C. O. R. Okpala, A. Karimidastjerd, and S. Zahedinia, “Recent advances in nano-related natural antioxidants, their extraction methods and applications in the food industry,” Explor Foods Foodomics. vol. 2, pp. 125–154, 2024. doi:10.37349/eff.2024.00030.
  21. S. Iravani, H. Korbekandi, S. V. Mirmohammadi, and B. Zolfaghari, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Chemical, physical and biological methods,” Res Pharm Sci. vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 385–406, 2014