The Niger Delta region has been a theatre of conflict especially after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in the area. One of the reasons responsible for intermittent and simmering conflicts in the area is prolonged hardship experienced by the people in the region due to activities associated with oil exploration and neglect of the region as far as development is concerned. Various governments have proffered different solutions to the crisis but all ended up as temporary palliative measures as the crisis has resurfaced again. This study therefore, investigates resurgence of militancy and the challenges of sustainable peace and development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Anchored on frustration-aggression theory, with reliance on primary and secondary data gathering sources which were analysed, the study finds that one of the reasons that triggered resurgence of militancy in the region was an attempt by the President Buhari government to put an end to amnesty programme introduced by the former President now late, Musa Yar’Adua which was continued by the immediate past President Goodluck Jonathan. The study recommends among others that government should not discontinued the amnesty programme, government and oil companies prospecting for oil in the region should embark on some policies that will foster realistic development in the region, that is, such developmental efforts should go beyond cosmetic colouration and also government and multinational oil companies should shun ad-hoc approach to development of the region.