Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
##common.pageHeaderLogo.altText##

Articles

CJET: VOL. 6 NO. 2, Dec. 2022

Modified PSO-Based Virtual Inertia Controller for Optimal Frequency Regulation of Micro-Grid

Submitted
September 4, 2022
Published
2022-11-29

Abstract

Owing to the growing need to address the energy crisis by the traditional sources (e.g. Thermal power plants), as well as the associated environmental concerns posed, the power system witnessed increased penetration of power electronics-based power sources like solar, wind, and energy storage in terms of battery technologies. Consequently, modern compared with traditional power systems have become more susceptible to large frequency fluctuations due to the emergence of stability issues. Prominent among these include the reduction of system properties such as damping and inertia which are significant characteristics of system stability. Insufficient inertia drives the grid frequency outside the acceptable range under severe disturbances and this may lead to an outage of generators and tripping, unscheduled shedding of load, system collapse, and in the severe scenario, an entire power blackout, this threatens the system dynamic security. To preserve the system's dynamic security, this paper proposes an alternative approach to frequency regulation built upon a PID-based Virtual Inertia Control (VIC) which imitates the inertia property. The proposed virtual inertia uses the frequency derivative to emulate virtual inertia. The optimality search capability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to design the proposed controller. Evaluation of the robustness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through Time Domain Analysis, considering different system operating ranges for improving frequency stability and resilience. Improved performance of the proposed controller when paralleled with the traditional virtual inertia controller shows a 69.2% reduction in frequency nadir under the condition of reduced system inertia, 70% without RESs integration. Also, 50.7% and 44.4% improvement in the reduction of frequency nadir and maximum overshoot respectively were observed under the situation of nominal system inertia, 100%, and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) penetration.

References

  1. M. Dreidy, H. Mokhlis, S. Mekhilef, Inertia response and frequency control techniques for renewable energy sources: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 69(1), 144–155 (2017)
  2. Y. Liu, S. You, J. Tan, Y. Zhang, and Y. Liu, “Frequency response assessment and enhancement of the U.S. power grids towards extra-high photovoltaic generation penetrations – an industry perspective,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3438–3449, Jan. 2018.
  3. International review of frequency control adaptation, Australia Energy Market Operator. Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.aemo.com.au.
  4. RoCoF Modification Proposal – TSOs’ Recommendations, EirGrid/SONI, Ballsbridge, DUB, Ireland, Sep. 4, 2012.
  5. P. P. Zarina, S. Mishra, and P. C. Sekhar, “Deriving inertial response from a non-inertial PV system for frequency regulation,” in Proc. IEEE PEDES, pp. 1–5, Bengaluru, India, 16−19 Dec. 2012.
  6. N. Kakimoto, S. Takayama, H. Satoh, and K. Nakamura, “Power modulation of photovoltaic generator for frequency control of power system,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 943–949, Dec. 2009.
  7. A. F. Hoke, M. Shirazi, S. Chakraborty, E. Muljadi, and D. Maksimovic, “Rapid active power control of photovoltaic systems for grid frequency support,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1154–1163, Sep. 2017.
  8. E. Spahic, D. Varma, G. Beck, G. Kuhn, and V. Hild, "Impact of reduced system inertia on stable power system operation and an overview of possible solutions", in Proc. PESGM, Boston, MA, USA, 17–21 Jul. 2016.
  9. Z. Chen, J. M. Guerrero, and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of the state of the art of power electronics for wind turbines,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1859–1875, Aug. 2009.
  10. J. Morren, S. W. H. de Haan, W. L. Kling, and J. A. Ferreira, “Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 433–434, Feb. 2006.
  11. L. Holdsworth, J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, “Power system frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines,” Wind Energy, vol. 7, pp. 21–35, 2004.
  12. A. Mullane and M. O’Malley, “The inertial response of induction-machine-based wind turbines,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1496–1503, Aug. 2005.
  13. J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, “Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800−802, Dec. 2004.
  14. G. Lalor, A. Mullane, and M. O’Malley, “Frequency control and wind turbine technologies,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1905–1913, Nov. 2005.
  15. F. Blaabjerg and K. Ma, “Future on power electronics for wind turbine systems,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 139–152, Sep. 2013.
  16. M. Kayikçi and J. V. Milanovic, “Dynamic contribution of DFIG-based wind plants to system frequency disturbances,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 859–867, May 2009.
  17. J. F. Conroy and R. Watson, “Frequency response capability of full converter wind turbine generators in comparison to conventional generation,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 649–656, May 2008.
  18. K. Liu, Y. Qu, H. Kim, and H. Song, “Avoiding frequency second dip in power unreserved control during wind power rotational speed recovery,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys., in press.
  19. M. Arani and E. Saadany, “Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation,” IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1373–1384, May. 2013.
  20. L. Miao, J. Wen, H. Xie, C. Yue, and W. Lee, "Coordinated control strategy of wind turbine generator and energy storage equipment for frequency support," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appli., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 2732−2742, Jul./Aug. 2015.
  21. M. Arani and Y. Mohamed, “Analysis and damping of mechanical resonance of wind power generators contributing to frequency regulation,” IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 3195–3204, Jul. 2017.
  22. H.-P. Beck and R. Hesse, ``Virtual synchronous machine,'' in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Elect. Power Qual. Utilisation (EPQU), Oct. 2007, pp. 1_6.
  23. Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, and H.-P. Beck, ``Improving the grid power quality using virtual synchronous machines,'' in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Eng. Energy Elect. Drives, May 2011, pp. 1_6.
  24. Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, and H.-P. Beck, ``Investigation of the virtual synchronous machine in the island mode,'' in Proc. IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Conf. Eur., Oct. 2012, pp. 1_6.
  25. J. Driesen and K.Visscher, ``Virtual synchronous generators,'' in Proc. 21st IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, Convers. Del. Elect. Energy (PES), Jul. 2008, pp. 1_3.
  26. H. Bevrani, T. Ise, and Y. Miura, ``Virtual synchronous generators: A survey and new perspectives,'' Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 54, pp. 244_254, Jan. 2014.
  27. . H. Gu, R. Yan, T.K. Saha, Minimum synchronous inertia requirement of renewable power
  28. systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 33(2), 1533–1543 (2018).
  29. S. D'Arco, J. A. Suul, and O. B. Fosso, ``A virtual synchronous machine implementation for distributed control of power converters in smartgrids,'' Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 122, pp. 180_197, May 2015.
  30. Q.-C. Zhong and G. Weiss, ``Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic synchronous generators,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1259_1267, Apr. 2011.
  31. U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. P. Bhattarai, T. M. Hansen, and R. Tonkoski, ``Virtual inertia: Current trends and future directions,'' Appl.Sci., vol. 7, no. 7, p. 654, 2017.
  32. E. Rakhshani, D. Remon, A. M. Cantarellas, J. M. Garcia, and P. Rodriguez, ``Virtual synchronous power strategy for multiple HVDC interconnections of multi-area AGC power systems,'' IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1665_1677, May 2017.
  33. E. Rakhshani, D. Remon, A. M. Cantarellas, and P. Rodriguez, ``Analysis of derivative control based virtual inertia in multi-area high-voltage direct current interconnected power systems,'' IET Gener. Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1458_1469, Apr. 2016.
  34. E. Rakhshani and P. Rodriguez, ``Inertia emulation in AC/DC interconnected power systems using derivative technique considering frequency measurement effects,'' IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3338_3351, Sep. 2017.
  35. control of grid-scale BESS on power system frequency response,'' in Proc.Int. Conf. Students Appl. Eng. (ICSAE), Oct. 2016, pp. 254_258.
  36. T. Kerdphol, F. S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, K. Hongesombut, and S. Küfeo_glu, ``Virtual inertia control-based model predictive control for microgrid frequency stabilization considering high renewable energy integration,'' Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 773, 2017.
  37. T. Kerdphol, F. S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, M. Watanabe, and S. Küfeoglu, ``Robust virtual inertia control of an islanded microgrid considering high penetration of renewable energy,'' IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 625_636, 2017.
  38. H. Bevrani, M. R. Feizi, and S. Ataee, ``Robust frequency control in an islanded microgrid:H_∞and μ-synthesis approaches,'' IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 706_717, Mar. 2016.
  39. Mentesidi, K., Garde, R., Agudo, M., et al.: ‘Implementation of a fuzzy logic controller for virtual inertia emulation’. IEEE Conf., Smart Electrical Distribution System and Technology, Vienna, Austria, 2015, pp. 606–611
  40. Hu, Y., Wei, W., Peng, Y., et al.: ‘Fuzzy virtual inertia control for virtual synchronous generator’. IEEE Conf., 35th Chinese Control Conf., Chengdu,
  41. China, 2016, pp. 1–6
  42. H. Bevrani, Robust Power System Frequency Control, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2014.
  43. M. H. Fini and M. E. H. Golshan, ``Determining optimal virtual inertia and frequency control parameters to preserve the frequency stability in islanded microgrids with high penetration of renewables,'' Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 13_22, 2018.
  44. Poli R., Kennedy J., Blackwell T. ‘Particle swarm optimization an overview’. Swarm Intelligence. 2007; 1:33–57
  45. Jordehi A.R., Jasni J. ‘Parameter selection on particle swarm optimization: a survey’. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 2013:25(4):527–42